Childhood Protection and Child Rights; Lex ferenda; Breaking the Cycle Essay

Youth Protection and Child Rights; Lex ferenda; Breaking the Cycle of Violence inside the Child Phd Thesis - Essay Example As per the World Health Organization (WHO), there is nobody official meaning of psychological wellness. To characterize Mental Health academicians depend on different hypotheses from social contrasts, emotional appraisals, and contending professional.1 This examination venture has looked for its sponsorship in standards of kid brain research. By coordinating and contrasting the meaning of a â€Å"child† in law and brain science, one understand the developing truth of an absence of comprehension in law-production, legal executive and lawful professions as to ideas, for example, youngster defenselessness, kid needs, and kid versatility. In solid words, what changes for a youngster who has been survivor of sexual brutality? What changes for a kid who is working day and night in a production line? What changes for a youngster who is living in the city? What changes for a kid captured? What changes for a youngster thumped by police? Indeed, the as a matter of first importance chang e is at the degree of emotional wellness. The manner in which she thinks, the manner in which she feels. Psychological wellness of youngsters is a significant part of kid right investigation talk. Through the understanding, one can guarantee the kid can ‘bounce back’ and recoup from a troublesome circumstance. What is essential to acknowledge is that the emotional well-being advancement managed in this examination is really an advancement and avoidance in the fallout of an extreme occurrence or procedure, in the child’s life. These are the advancement of a child’s uncommon necessities, and the counteraction of long haul vicious effects on the general public. The later parts manage the responses and dangers of un-managed injury, and cultural advancement connected to the prosperity of its kids. The examination study doesn't essentially separate between classifications of kids. The classes introduced here are neither thorough nor restrictive. Generally helpless kids fall into a significant number of the classifications. For example, road kids can likewise be kid workers, and explicitly mishandled. My

Consumer Responses to Sex in Advertising

Shopper Responses to Sex in Advertising Dynamic: This examination investigations the Chinese and British shoppers reactions to sexual substance in promotions, the publicized brand and customers purchasing expectations towards the brand. Center gatherings will be the rule look into technique utilized in this examination, absolutely 32 Chinese and British members (counting 16 male 16 female) will go to the center gatherings conversation. The reason for this investigation is to look at the distinctions in the impact of sex bid on publicizing and brand assessment among Chinese and British customers. This examination will likewise investigate whether sex or item contribution will have any critical relationship with customers perspectives in regards to various sex claim advertisements. Justification for the exploration Promoting is a significant worldwide showcasing technique, it is significant for chiefs to know whether they can utilize standard notices in every one of the spots where their brands are sold or whether they have to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¥localise㠢â‚ ¬? the promotions my adjust them to adjust the nearby social. The appearance and prominence of utilizing sexual interests in publicizing has become a difficult issue over the most recent 50 years. When utilizing sex in global promoting, it is critical to make sense of whether sex bid could be received cross national. Regardless of whether the impact of utilizing sex in ads is fluctuate by nation and social foundation. The fundamental objective of the current examination is to inspect how the impact of sex contained publicizing and buyers demeanor toward these promoting and related brand shift in various societies by contrasting Chinese and British shopper reactions. There are numerous distinctions in social frameworks, social foundations and showcasing and financial methodologies between these two countriesChina is viewed as one of the biggest creating nations on the planet which has made it an objective market for makers from around the globe in late decade, while the United Kingdom is an exceptionally evolved Western nation and is one of the fundamental exporters to the Chinese market. The general research goals were characterized as follows: 1. Fill the current Gap in Chinese Research into Sex and Advertising Contrasted with the British controllers of the 1990s and mid 2000s (Independent Television Commission, Broadcasting Standards Commission and the Radio Authority) which completed various examinations into the purchasers demeanor and reactions toward sexual substance in commercials, the investigation around there in China has been uncommon. One of the reasons for this exploration is to increase an exhaustive comprehension of Chinese customers reactions of sex request promoting; what are the reactions of Chinese crowds when they are presented to sex offer publicizing? Does sex in plugs sell for Chinese purchasers? This examination could help the chiefs who focusing on Chinese market comprehend the demeanor and reactions of the particular kind of sexual substance in publicizing. This examination will likewise research the particular kind of sexual intrigue which may cause open offense. Perceiving the crowds demeanor and acknowledgment of explicit sexual substance in publicizing may build the viability of utilizing sex offer in TV in Chinese market. 2. To comprehend the distinctions and similitudes of buyer reactions exist in the two nations. Through an examination of British and Chinese buyer reactions, the distinction and likenesses that exist in these two nations will be laid out. This work will add to the comprehension of how sexual intrigue work contrastingly by nations and by sexes. Research Questions RQ1. What are the key contrasts in reactions toward sex request promoting, brand, and purchasing expectation among Chinese and British Consumers? RQ2. Regardless of whether sexual orientation is a noteworthy variable in shopper reactions to sex contained publicizing? RQ3. Regardless of whether item type is a huge variable in buyer reactions to sex contained publicizing? Writing Review The meaning of sex in publicizing Since the 1800s, markets and publicists have utilized attractive words and pictures to sell certain items. Alongside the rise and ubiquity of sexual notices, various examinations have been done in this field. American social researcher Byrne (1982) esteemed that sexual promotions are a sort of publicizing with attributed sexual importance. Courtney and Whipple (1983:p.103) characterized sex in promoting as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¥sexuality as bareness, sexual symbolism, insinuation, and twofold entendre㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ utilized as a publicizing instrument for wide assortment for products.㠢â‚ ¬? As supported by Gould (1994), sex in promoting is normally visual (truly appealing models, delineations of sexual conduct with accomplices or alone) however can likewise incorporate verbal allusion and unequivocal duplicate. In 2001, Reichert et al. refered to that with regards to promoting, sex has been general considered as a device of influence to cause to notice certain items or brands. By its very nature, publicizing is a type of influence correspondence. (Thorson, 1990), As such, sex could be utilized to as powerful message to advance items and brands. In 2003, Reichert brought up that sex in publicizing can be thought of as a sexual intrigue that include numerous variables and structures, for example, nakedness, physical engaging quality, sexual conduct and ironic statement (Reichert, 2003). Whatever introduction of the sex, the significant hidden theoretical shared trait is that the data summons sexual contemplations and emotions in the watcher (Reichert, 2003: 234). Does sex sell? The past examination demonstrated that with hot representations promoting can adequately catch shoppers eye and improve review of the business message. Sexual interests have been demonstrated to be more consideration. Showcasing scientists here examined responses of people to certain sexual interests in promoting and investigated uncover how sexual improvements bring out responses in people, and how these responses may impact devouring practices. The objective of a notice is to advance items or administrations in a successful way to pull in the a great many people. On the off chance that an ad can't catch people groups eye, at that point it can't influence their probability to purchase that item. Along these lines, sponsors look to make their advertisements perceptible to their crowds. Therefore, promoting concentrates around there frequently examined in the case of showcasing adequacy of sexual publicizing is improved by looking at crowds considerations among sexual and non-sexual publicizing. At the end of the day, these investigations attempt to discover whether sex claims could expand the opportunity for advertisements for catching purchasers eye at that point exciting their purchasing expecta tion. The effect of sexual interests on brand name review and brand assessment are likewise significant subjects in this field. Berceid and Walster (1994) explore the intensity of the physical engaging quality. They discovered alluring individuals are normally evaluated as progressively attractive, decent and powerful than less appealing individuals. This mental proof on the intensity of physical engaging quality backings the potential business benefit of utilizing provocative models to advance items in promoting. Alexander and Judd (1978) found that bareness and sexual substance in promotions can expand customer consideration regarding a commercial yet not really improve the brand review and brand assessment. In the examination did by Marilyn et al. (1998), sexual interests have been seen as more enticing, amiable, dynamic and bound to build a purchasers enthusiasm for the theme than were nonsexual interests. The past research shows that with provocative delineations promoting can viably catch purchasers eye and improve review of the business message. Sexual interests have been demonstrated to be more consideration. In any case, sexual interests that are eye catching can likewise neglect to upgrade brand review and brand assessment of promoting. Numerous investigations found that brand review from non-sex-containing publicizing is higher than that from adverts that do contain sexual substance (Steadman 1969; Alexander Judd, 1978; Courtney Whipple, 1983). Singular Difference and Product Type Past investigation showed that singular contrasts of shoppers and item type advanced in advertisements ought to be viewed as when anticipate the adequacy of utilizing sexual intrigue in ads. The sexual orientation contrasts and diverse social foundation of shoppers could affect their demeanor toward sex contained publicizing, in addition, the distinctive item type advanced in sex claim advertisements could impact buyers disposition too. Male and female speak to particular contrasts when they were presented to sexual substance. Men demonstrated more resistance of sexual topic and substance, interim, their demeanor toward sex advance advertisements itself and related brand were more positive than their ladies partners (Steadman, 1991). In 2004, Pope et al. considered sexual orientation contrasts as a free factor of effect on customers mentalities toward sex offer ads. The finding showed that contrasted with guys, female shopper were progressively kept an eye on reactions decidedly to g entle sexual intrigue in adverts. The social foundation is another significant eccentric in buyer reactions to sex offer promotions. Individuals from various nations have unmistakable mentalities and assessments of sexual substance contained in ads. The exploration shows that in mainland European nations, for example, Denmark, Germany, Italy and France, shoppers by and large demonstrated resilience of bareness in promotions (Frith Mueller, 2003). Truth be told, as indicated by a center gatherings overview jump started out by Tissier-Desbordes and Manceau (2002), French ladies normally view female nakedness and sexuality as tasteful as opposed to sexual and sensual intrigue. Wheras, Fetto (2001) completed a general sentiment overview in the U.S. centers around people groups assessment toward sexual picture in print promoting, dominant part individuals express that they

The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression

The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression Addiction Alcohol Use Print The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 24, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 24, 2019 Oliver Henze/EyeEm/Getty More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The association between alcohol and aggression is huge, according to Robert O. Pihl, professor of psychology and psychiatry at McGill University. Alcohol is involved in half of all murders, rapes, and assaults, he said. But the dynamics of this association are complicated, which is why any research that focuses on explaining this relationship is important for society in general. Statistics from the National Institute on  Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism from 2015  corroborate his statement, including:?? 696,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were assaulted by another student who had been drinking.97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 reported experiencing alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape. The Basics of Anger Aggression is an outlet for anger. Its easy to think of this as the emotional state that occurs when we get mad. Often, this is a response to a provocation of some sort.   Actually, the personality trait of anger refers to your general tendency to experience chronic anger over time. If youre an angry person, you tend to seek out stimuli that activate  feelings of anger. This may explain why you are angry more often compared with someone who does not have this personality trait.?? Trait Anger Is an Aggression Predictor Trait anger significantly predicts aggression in intoxicated men who report low levels of anger control, according to a study published in Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research.  To obtain these results, researchers recruited 136 male social drinkers ages 21 to 35 to express their aggression after consuming either an alcoholic or placebo beverage.?? Participants were told they were going to compete  against  another individual on a reaction time task, during which they might receive electric shocks from their opponent. While engaged in this fictitious task, which included both high and low shock levels or provocation, the participants experience of anger was unobtrusively assessed using the Facial Action Coding System. Alcohol Brings out Aggression Alcohol intoxication brings out peoples natural tendencies to the expression of anger, said Dominic Parrott, the graduate student who conducted the study. Our findings strengthen the notion that alcohol increases the likelihood that certain drinkers, particularly those with the tendency to be angry and to express their anger outwardly, become aggressive when provoked. If individuals tend to express their anger outwardly, said Zeichner, alcohol will turn up the volume, so that such a person will express anger more frequently and more intensely. A heightened response will most likely occur when the provocation against the drinker is a strong one, and will less likely occur when the individual is experiencing a low provocation and is sober. Anger, Alcohol, and Domestic Violence The relationship of intimate partner violence is one area that is of great concern when it comes to alcohol and anger. This pertains to adults in long-term relationships such as marriages as well as dating and sexual violence. In a 2017 report, researchers shared their findings of the relationship between alcohol and dating violence. The study included 67 undergraduate men who were engaged currently dating someone. The conclusions were that alcohol increased the odds of physical aggression in those men who had high trait anger and poor anger management skills. It also noted that sexual aggression was higher with alcohol, even in men with low trait anger and reasonable anger management skills.?? How to Get Help When Your Partner Gets Violent After Drinking Energy Drinks and Alcohol a Potential Risk Factor Cocktails that include energy drinks should be considered a possible factor  for aggressive behavior in bars as well. In another study, researchers surveyed 175 young adults who mixed alcohol with caffeinated energy drinks about their verbal and physical aggression in bar conflicts. More research is needed, but the study did find enough escalation in people consuming these drinks to label them a potential risk to increased hostility.?? Could you be in danger? Take the Domestic Danger Assessment Quiz.

The Civil War In Ethiopia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 867 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? It was the year 1974, September 12, a group of Military men known as the Derg decided to start a war and overthrow the government and its Emperor named Haile Selassie. The Emperor used to be a caring man, until he began to care less and no longer worried about his people and their living situation. Many would notice his lack of leadership and would protest for a new leader, even the students would try to speak up but would be ignored or shut down by the military. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Civil War In Ethiopia" essay for you Create order Ethiopia was a place where many suffered, not just by the hands of Emperor Haile Selassie, but also by the evil war created by the Derg. The Derg wasnt just a simple group that served justice because the government was corrupted. In the book Beneath the Lions Gaze written by Maaza Mengiste the Derg was no better than the actual government. There were parts in the book where the author showed how controlling the Derg really was, they played a huge part in the Ethiopian Civil War. From murdering innocent people because of one little mistake they would say or do, to even exterminating the Emperor and anyone who was on the Emperors side. The book was supposed to show you a glimpse of what would happen to families, individuals, and anything living thing that would dare go against the Derg in real life. The Derg murdered thousands of innocent human beings without a reason, they werent to have emotional feelings or remorse for the people that they would kill. They had no problem executing their own people if it meant getting rid of threats and enemies. If bad times were being put down in a book imagine how it would have been in real life. Between the years 1774-1777, was when most of the events took place, by 1794 everything calmed down. But it wasnt until December 2006 that a few leaders of the Derg deserved what was coming and that was justice for all their wrong doings. The moment many noticed that the Emperor was being distant were in the years 1972-1974, later on the Emperor Haile Selassie died while being in detention. The Derg then started eliminating their enemies between the years 1975-1977, many other groups were not happy with how the Derg were running things so they decided to start attacks for Eritreans independence. Groups like Urban Guerrilla and Somalia rebelled but the Ethiopian military defeated them with the help of the Soviet Union and Cuba, which then made Ethiopia and ally for Africa. Since the Derg had military help from the Soviet Union, Cuba, and even Korea on Ethiopias side, it was then considered the best armed nation in their region. Not only were there many disagreements in between those years but also there was some good in them too. The Derg decided to come up with a new rule in which lands that landlords owned would be taken away from them and given to the peasants, this was called Land to the Tiller. This new rule was both good and bad because the peasants would at least have a place to build a home, but it wasnt fair for the landlords who worked to have their lands. With all the rules and mistreatments that many had to go through, it caused people to leave Ethiopia leading to lack of food, crash crops ,and productivity in general. Most of the population left the land they were born and spread all across the Western countries in search for a better future for them, making Ethiopia a lonely country. It is highly expected with controlling governments to have rebels, sometimes many dont think they would act out but when somethings wrong there is always sometime that will express how they feel. Many rebels came from Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tigray all demanding for justice and seeking a better government to finally give the people what theyve been longing for. Even though the Derg was known as a powerful military, it failed to stop rebellions forming in Eritrea. Most of the rebels were more active in Tigray, but it inspired many others to come out and fight for their country and their freedom. More and more of the population united against the Derg to regain back the land that was taken from them, plenty of new organizations were also created to help them take down the Derg and bring peace instead of wars. At the end of the year 1987 the organizations created by the the rebels from Eritrea and Tigray controlled 90 percent of the regions. In the end, despite all the troubles that Ethiopia and Eritrea went through, good come out triumphing all evil. Eritrea became an independent country, many Ethiopians were not happy about that decision but it was something that the Eritreans voted highly voted and fought for. Ethiopia was divided into 10 regions with a new government known as The Mengistu, but of course there are a handful of the people that dont agree with the new government and hope to soon have a better one to take control. Last but not least regions like Tigray were taken over by organizations called TPLF and EPRDM, which focused on Addis Ababa.

Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 1145 Words

Abstract Human Resource Management (HRM) is the utilization of individuals to achieve organizational objectives that involves with are staffing, human resource development, compensation, safety and health, employee and labor relations (Lussier, 2016, p. 6). Staffing is the process through which an organization ensures that it is always has the proper number of employees with the appropriate skills in the right jobs, at the right time, to achieve organizational goals (Lussier, 2016, p. 6). Human Resource managers are responsible for recruiting of adequate personnel in an organization. To recruit a suitable employee, some appropriate ways are needed. Organization should match the candidates’ interest, works attitude, educational background and experience with the job offered. Matching the characteristics of candidates with job specifications is needed to make a smooth selection. When the qualified candidates are recruited, they will be screened in aspects of skills, ability, streng th and background and potential of developed. While the process of recruiting might sound very simplistic it actually quite the opposite. In modern time social media and the accessibility to the internet has made this task a lot more virtual than ever before. Sites such as LinkedIn has simplified the jobs of many HR managers in today society. Introduction Effective employee recruiting is an essential key in making a business successful. Businesses can fail simply because they doShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1552 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The H uman Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). According to Armstrong (2009) HRM is an approach that deals with ‘employment, development, and well-being of the people working in organizations’. However HRM has evolved significantly through the years due to the rapid social, economic, political and environmental changes.Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1142 Words   |  5 Pageshe HRM Process Human Resource Management (HRM) is a combination of elements that work interdependently on each other to carry out the daily functions within an organization. Human Resources Management operates in several roles serving as a liaison between the organization and the employee. This dual role often present challenges within HRM; therefore it is vital the HRM Department is skilled on various issues that may arise on a daily basis within an organization. In this paper, I will discussRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1105 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest o f the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm772 Words   |  4 Pagesa brief description of the models of HRM discussed in the first chapter of the textbook, and explain how each one relates to strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management (HRM) at its best seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Social output resulting from providing opportunity for advancement will ultimately make employees become true participants in the company. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models, they are: the Forbrum, TichyRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1405 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models which include: the Forbrum, Tichy and Devanna model, the Harvard model, the Guest model, the Warwick model, The Storey model, and Ulrich’s Strategic Partner model of HRM. Forbrum Tichy and Devanna model of HRM is based on the principle of selecting, appraising, developing and rewarding employees who fulfill management strategic business interestsRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )2412 Words   |  10 Pages these human traits can bring considerable benefits to organizations† (Mullins 1999). However, when managed poorly they have the potential to limit organizational growth and threaten the viability of a business. â€Å"There are countless examples of corporate and project crises in the construction sector which have arisen as the result of people s behaviour, and it would seem that human resource management (HRM) has the potential to eliminate more construction risks than any other management approach†Read MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm ) Essay794 Words   |  4 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. Human resources management also, sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. Consequently

“Beyond thee Influence” by K. Ketcham Free Essays

The book â€Å"Beyond thee Influence: Understanding and Defeating Alcoholism† by Katherine Ketcham is devoted to the problem of alcoholism and the author ties to fill in the gaps in knowledge. The author discusses current theory of alcoholism, defines its causes and consequences and says that alcoholism is disease, not weakness of willpower. The book is divided into three sections: â€Å"The Problem†, â€Å"The Solution†, â€Å"The Future†. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Beyond thee Influence† by K. Ketcham or any similar topic only for you Order Now Evidently, the firsts section discusses the origins of alcoholism, defines the terms and describes what is going on in the body. The section provides details overview of three mechanisms involved in the metabolism of alcohol. The author involves also brain damage and dependence on alcohol, as well as three stages of alcoholism – early, middle and late. The second section is devoted to finding solutions to fight alcoholic dependency. Ketcham talks about diagnosing an alcoholic, intervention and treatment options. Special attention is paid to the Sundown M being a famous treatment of alcoholism that helped more than 30,000 alcoholics. Furthermore, the role of family involvement is underlined. Finally, the third section how it is possible to reduce the impact of alcohol and what changes to implement to decrease the rates. The author discusses alcohol industry, advertising, etc. According to author, alcohol’s effect can be changed through penalties for drunk driving, higher liquor taxes and more informative education programs for children, teenagers and adults. Moreover, the section involves personal stories about devastating effect of alcohol consumption on future life. It is necessary to mention that the book is well-written and well-organized. Despite the fact that discussion of metabolism and cellular interactions are rather difficult for understanding, the whole book id well suited for most teenagers and adults. The style of writing is very elementary and every person with high school education is able to comprehend it. Actually, the book is of great importance for people with drinking problems. References Ketcham, Katherine. (2000). Beyond thee Influence: Understanding and Defeating Alcoholism. New York: Bantam Books. How to cite â€Å"Beyond thee Influence† by K. Ketcham, Papers

Police Racial Profiling in America Essay Example

Police: Racial Profiling in America Essay POLICE: RACIAL PROFILING IN AMERICA Naomi D. Hopkins Stevens-Henager College APP 101 9 February 2013 Abstract This paper will discuss the relationship between Fear and how it relates to Racial Profiling in Police Practices. We will also discuss and illustrate real life examples under which Racial Profiling has occurred and how it is scientifically defined. The communication between peace officers and ordinary everyday citizens will also be examined. Police: Racial Profiling in America The issue of Racial Profiling in America by our Police Force is an undeniable truth and tragedy. Steve Holbert and Lisa Rose in their book the color of Guilt Innocence recount a story of a Caucasian woman who is forced to walk alone with her young daughter down dark unfamiliar San Francisco streets at night in the dark. We’ll call this woman Lisa. She had just exited a train car with her young daughter and was walking down the dark streets unsure of her surroundings when she noticed that a stranger man, whose features she couldn’t make out, was following her and her daughter. Lisa had heard and seen reports about a young man in his mid-20s that was dark complected and had been robbing tourists. She felt her body tighten as she began breathing rapidly and she had quickened her pace pulling her daughter along without realizing it, until her daughter started pulling her in the opposite direction because she had dropped her candy cane that she had gotten from the cable car employee earlier that evening. After her experience in the city, she began to question whether the irrational fear of monsters conjured up in the mind of a four year old was so different from the â€Å"monsters in the closet† we perceive as adults, the only difference being that the â€Å"monsters† we see as adults have a face and the face is of those who are different or those whose skin color is darker than our own. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). This begs the question, â€Å"Did she fear this man because it was nighttime and she couldn’t see him and was unsure of her s urroundings? We will write a custom essay sample on Police: Racial Profiling in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Police: Racial Profiling in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Police: Racial Profiling in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Or was it because the man following her reminded her of that minority man who had been on the news who was robbing tourists? This brings to mind another quote I found while writing this paper: â€Å"Rather, racial profiling is more about our human response to an instinctual and primitive fear buried deep in each one of us. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) On the subject of Fear and Racism, I’m led to another quote in the book used primarily for my research on this very subject as it relates to American Law Enforcement practices. When we ponder the concept of fear in the comfort of a classroom, almost all would agree that to fear a person because of skin color, religious affiliation, or appearance is irrational. In the phobic sense, this fear is xenophobia, the fear and/or hatred of foreigners or anything that is foreign. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). I would even go so far as to say that contempt prior to investigation is in itself, a form or fear and intolerance. How can we judge a situation, let alone a person, accurately without all the facts? Do we assume we are Gods or Goddesses that are worthy to judge our fellow men or women? If so, what makes us so different, or dare I say, â€Å"Superior† to another? I am reminded of my own feelings, when as a small child; I made the decision to say that â€Å"all white people are racist. † This statement in and of itself is in fact, a form or racial profiling. That is, I was judging a certain race of people, in this case, whites and assuming that I had gathered enough information to do so. This brings me to another quote out of my research, â€Å"To understand the complexities of prejudice, racism, and racial profiling, we must first explore the origin of fear and understand how it can dictate the way in which our body responds to outside stimuli long before we become consciously aware of the racial implications. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). In fact, the word â€Å"fear† comes from the old English word for â€Å"danger. † When we, as human beings, experience fear our brains respond to perceived danger by using three distinct systems. The first is called Primal or Primitive fear system, and is found in most animals and mammals. This system responds first by alerting the body to any danger. This reaction is automatic and triggers our â€Å"fight or flight† response. The second is triggered by the â€Å"fight or flight† response and is the mind’s Rational or logical fear system. â€Å"This system takes over in an effort to assess the potential danger and weighs options for survival or escape. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). This system effectively plans possibilities we need to consider to escape an immediate or future threat. The third system is called a person’s Consciousness or Awareness, and acts as a mediator between Primal Fear and Rational Thought. This system will strike a balance between the mind’s emotion and reason and will become the ultimate decision maker in the entire process. Now, let’s examine some history on racial profiling that is actually quite interesting. This thought brings me to another quote I pulled out of this book I used to research this topic/ â€Å"Start with a good idea. Test it thoroughly, and use it with care. Put it in the hands of those who don’t have the experience and training to apply it properly. Add a little discrimination and pressure, and turn up the heat for 20 years. What do you get? Racial Profiling. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). â€Å"In a nutshell, this is the story of Howard Teten, a former FBI Chief of research in the late 1950s who many criminologists credit with popularizing the concept of â€Å"criminal profiling. † A man who lived the best of both worlds, Mr. Teten studied psychology at the University of California at Berkeley while working crime scenes in San Leandro, California. Back in the 1950s, cops typically looked for clues at a crime scene to try to tie the crime to a particular suspect. Teten took this concept one step further by looking at the manner in which the criminal committed the crime in order to develop a psychological profile. This profile ultimately helped officers identify a criminal’s personality traits and mental state and led to a classification of potential suspects who could have committed the crime. † (Holbert S; Rose, L 2004). This very method, which is called â€Å"criminal profiling†, has been widely distorted, especially when it comes to the United States â€Å"War on Drugs. For example, it is assumed that if a person, particularly a person belonging to a minority group (that is not white or Caucasian), is seen wearing gold jewelry that is large in size, a â€Å"corn roll† hair style, baggy clothes, and perhaps gold teeth, Law Enforcement Officials automatically assume that this individual is a â€Å" drug courier,† or an individual that smuggles drugs or money into or out of the country. It can be said that a person’s appearance, jewelry, and travel habits can be used as a basis for identifying and prosecuting those involved in the â€Å"drug trade. The end result of these discriminatory attitudes is that these â€Å"profiles† do not demonstrate â€Å"good science† or offer sensible approaches to productive Law Enforcement procedures. Now, let’s examine the other side of the coin, as it were as it relates to basic race relations. When we all think of a police officer, we all have this stereotypical view that they are tough, intimidating, and very arrogant. In actuality, police officers have learned their very behavior and personality traits from the general public. Most people, when contacted by a police officer, become irritated, hostile, overbearing, and even belligerent. So, in turn, officers have learned how to desensitize or become â€Å"numb† to their emotions and feelings. It wouldn’t be a far cry to say that they have learned to behave as â€Å"not human† just so that they can get through their day without having to worry about what they said, was it rude, right or wrong, what the repercussions might be, and so on. So it is accurate to say that the general public ourselves, have contributed to the attitudes and behaviors of our own Police Force in America. What we don’t hear about or realize often times is that when an officer goes on duty, he or she faces any number of different variables. For example, having a gun pulled on them, being attacked, being shot, taken hostage, being kidnapped, and any number of other things that would threaten or endanger their lives either mortally or fatally. I will illustrate an example of what ought to be advertised when hiring police officers: WANTED: LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: Must be a social worker, mediator, a fighter, a priest. Must be savvy to the criminal element yet have an unblemished criminal background. Candidates should be compassionate yet distant. Intimidating yet gentle. Aggressive yet always in control. Daily risk of death. Low Pay. Must be willing to work all hours of the day and night in hazardous and extreme conditions. The Faint of Heart need not apply. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) WANTED: LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: Must be a social worker, mediator, a fighter, a priest. Must be savvy to the criminal element yet have an unblemished criminal background. Candidates should be compassionate yet distant. Intimidating yet gentle. Aggressive yet always in control. Daily risk of death. Low Pay. Must be willing to work all hours of the day and night in hazardous and extreme conditions. The Faint of Heart need not apply. Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) Realizing these facts, we all ought to be a little gentler with the officer next time we are pulled over for speeding or contacted about a conflict resolution issue. Police Officers deserve respect, but they also do not have the right to demand respect, and it is the same with the rest of us. That being said, when we think of â€Å"use of force† by police officer s, we all know the familiar image conjured up; the Rodney King beating on March 3 1991. In case you’re wondering, the case went to trial and all of the officers involved were NOT convicted. The result was the L. A. Riots of 1992. When we think of this case, we wonder, what could have gone so wrong in our justice system? The answer is not as clear as one might speculate. The â€Å"code of silence† is as much to blame as ignorant and wrong attitudes are to blame. â€Å"The Code of Silence† also known as â€Å"The Blue Wall of Silence† is based on the premise that an officer does not reveal negative information about a fellow police officer. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). I can recall an experience I had in California with an officer who responded to a call about me when I was homeless and sleeping in my vehicle. The officer responded alone, without backup, and contacted myself and two friends of mine. He falsely accused us of smoking weed, arrested my friend for a warrant she had, shined his flashlight deliberately in my face, and pulled his Taser on me when I reacted unfavorably to his â€Å"bullying behavior. † I then had to demand that he call his Watch Commander, or Supervisor out to the field to discuss what happened and what I wanted done about his misconduct. I told the Watch Commander that I wanted an apology, both written and verbal, but to my dismay, he responded and told me, â€Å"I’m sorry ma’am I cannot do that. If I promise to talk to him about this incident, will you refrain from reporting it? † I was appalled to say the least. I later had to go through the channels to report this incident at the Police Department in person, but this is a prime real-life example of â€Å"The Code of Silence† in action. How many times has this happened to other citizens, but for whatever reason, they are too afraid or intimidated to report such misconduct. If we as a society wish our Police Force to be more accountable, we must take the action to make sure that happens. Otherwise, we are just birds preaching to a choir with deaf ears. The sad fact is that many Police Departments still retain the right to â€Å"police† themselves on such issues of misconduct and â€Å"use of force† incidents. This is the main reason that the officers involved in the Rodney King beating of 1991 were cleared of guilt. First of all, to even file a complaint against a police officer, citizens must endure a lengthy and time consuming process that involves appearing in person at the police department, then weeding through the trouble and intimidation of even telling a department employee or filling out a report about the alleged incident, and sometimes are refused and intimidated out of that process. Second and most important, even after all that trouble has been endured by the complainant, little or nothing is ever done about the problem other than to refer it to the Internal Affairs Division of the police department and they in themselves have their own policies and procedures which may or may not include final review by the Chief of Police and even then, the issue may not be resolved to the satisfaction of the complainant. In conclusion, I have learned it is sometimes better to ignore arrogant and racist comments by officers unless I have the time to devote to a complaint and investigation process. I’ll end with this quote from Martin Luther King, Jr. â€Å"We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. † (King Jr. , Martin Luther 1963) References Holbert, S; Rose, L (2004) the color of GUILT INNOCENCE RACIAL PROFILING AND POLICE PRACTICES IN AMERICA King Jr. , Martin Luther (1963) â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† April 16, 1963 Retrieved from www. history1900sabout. com/od/martinlutherkingjr/a/mlkquotes. htm